Class: Google::Cloud::Spanner::Client

Inherits:
Object
  • Object
show all
Defined in:
lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb

Overview

Client

A client is used to read and/or modify data in a Cloud Spanner database.

See Project#client.

Examples:

require "google/cloud"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute "SELECT * FROM users"

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

Instance Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Details

#close ⇒ Object

Closes the client connection and releases resources.



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 912

def close
  @pool.close
end

#commit {|commit| ... } ⇒ Time

Creates and commits a transaction for writes that execute atomically at a single logical point in time across columns, rows, and tables in a database.

All changes are accumulated in memory until the block completes. Unlike #transaction, which can also perform reads, this operation accepts only mutations and makes a single API request.

Note: This method does not feature replay protection present in Transaction#commit (See #transaction). This method makes a single RPC, whereas Transaction#commit requires two RPCs (one of which may be performed in advance), and so this method may be appropriate for latency sensitive and/or high throughput blind changes.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.commit do |c|
  c.update "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false }]
  c.insert "users", [{ id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]
end

Yields:

  • (commit) —

    The block for mutating the data.

Yield Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Time) —

    The timestamp at which the operation committed.



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 658

def commit &block
  fail ArgumentError, "Must provide a block" unless block_given?

  @pool.with_session do |session|
    session.commit(&block)
  end
end

#database ⇒ Database

The Spanner database connected to.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 95

def database
  @project.database instance_id, database_id
end

#database_id ⇒ String

The unique identifier for the database.

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 77

def database_id
  @database_id
end

#delete(table, keys = []) ⇒ Time

Deletes rows from a table. Succeeds whether or not the specified rows were present.

Changes are made immediately upon calling this method using a single-use transaction. To make multiple changes in the same single-use transaction use #commit. To make changes in a transaction that supports reads and automatic retry protection use #transaction.

Note: This method does not feature replay protection present in Transaction#delete (See #transaction). This method makes a single RPC, whereas Transaction#delete requires two RPCs (one of which may be performed in advance), and so this method may be appropriate for latency sensitive and/or high throughput blind deletions.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.delete "users", [1, 2, 3]

Parameters:

  • table (String) —

    The name of the table in the database to be modified.

  • keys (Object, Array<Object>) (defaults to: []) —

    A single, or list of keys or key ranges to match returned data to. Values should have exactly as many elements as there are columns in the primary key.

Returns:

  • (Time) —

    The timestamp at which the operation committed.



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 620

def delete table, keys = []
  @pool.with_session do |session|
    session.delete table, keys
  end
end

#execute(sql, params: nil, types: nil, single_use: nil) ⇒ Google::Cloud::Spanner::Results Also known as: query

Executes a SQL query.

Arguments can be passed using params, Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

Spanner Ruby Notes
BOOL true/false
INT64 Integer
FLOAT64 Float
STRING String
DATE Date
TIMESTAMP Time, DateTime
BYTES File, IO, StringIO, or similar
ARRAY Array Nested arrays are not supported.

See Data types.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

results = db.execute "SELECT * FROM users"

results.rows.each do |row|
  puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
end

Query using query parameters:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

results = db.execute "SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = @active",
                     params: { active: true }

results.rows.each do |row|
  puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
end

Parameters:

  • sql (String) —

    The SQL query string. See Query syntax.

    The SQL query string can contain parameter placeholders. A parameter placeholder consists of "@" followed by the parameter name. Parameter names consist of any combination of letters, numbers, and underscores.

  • params (Hash) —

    SQL parameters for the query string. The parameter placeholders, minus the "@", are the the hash keys, and the literal values are the hash values. If the query string contains something like "WHERE id > @msg_id", then the params must contain something like :msg_id => 1.

  • types (Hash) —

    Types of the SQL parameters in params. It is not always possible for Cloud Spanner to infer the right SQL type from a value in params. In these cases, the types hash can be used to specify the exact SQL type for some or all of the SQL query parameters.

    The keys of the hash should be query string parameter placeholders, minus the "@". The values of the hash should be Cloud Spanner type codes from the following list:

    • :BOOL
    • :BYTES
    • :DATE
    • :FLOAT64
    • :INT64
    • :STRING
    • :TIMESTAMP

    Arrays are specified by providing the type code in an array. For example, an array of integers are specified as [:INT64].

    Structs are not yet supported in query parameters.

    Types are optional.

  • single_use (Hash) —

    Perform the read with a single-use snapshot (read-only transaction). (See TransactionOptions.) The snapshot can be created by providing exactly one of the following options in the hash:

    • Strong
      • :strong (true, false) Read at a timestamp where all previously committed transactions are visible.

    • Exact

      • :timestamp/:read_timestamp (Time, DateTime) Executes all reads at the given timestamp. Unlike other modes, reads at a specific timestamp are repeatable; the same read at the same timestamp always returns the same data. If the timestamp is in the future, the read will block until the specified timestamp, modulo the read's deadline.

      Useful for large scale consistent reads such as mapreduces, or for coordinating many reads against a consistent snapshot of the data.

      • :staleness/:exact_staleness (Numeric) Executes all reads at a timestamp that is exactly the number of seconds provided old. The timestamp is chosen soon after the read is started.

      Guarantees that all writes that have committed more than the specified number of seconds ago are visible. Because Cloud Spanner chooses the exact timestamp, this mode works even if the client's local clock is substantially skewed from Cloud Spanner commit timestamps.

      Useful for reading at nearby replicas without the distributed timestamp negotiation overhead of single-use bounded_staleness.

    • Bounded

      • :bounded_timestamp/:min_read_timestamp (Time, DateTime) Executes all reads at a timestamp greater than the value provided.

      This is useful for requesting fresher data than some previous read, or data that is fresh enough to observe the effects of some previously committed transaction whose timestamp is known.

      • :bounded_staleness/:max_staleness (Numeric) Read data at a timestamp greater than or equal to the number of seconds provided. Guarantees that all writes that have committed more than the specified number of seconds ago are visible. Because Cloud Spanner chooses the exact timestamp, this mode works even if the client's local clock is substantially skewed from Cloud Spanner commit timestamps.

      Useful for reading the freshest data available at a nearby replica, while bounding the possible staleness if the local replica has fallen behind.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 238

def execute sql, params: nil, types: nil, single_use: nil
  validate_single_use_args! single_use
  ensure_service!

  single_use_tx = single_use_transaction single_use
  results = nil
  @pool.with_session do |session|
    results = session.execute \
      sql, params: params, types: types, transaction: single_use_tx
  end
  results
end

#insert(table, *rows) ⇒ Time

Inserts new rows in a table. If any of the rows already exist, the write or request fails with AlreadyExistsError.

Changes are made immediately upon calling this method using a single-use transaction. To make multiple changes in the same single-use transaction use #commit. To make changes in a transaction that supports reads and automatic retry protection use #transaction.

Note: This method does not feature replay protection present in Transaction#insert (See #transaction). This method makes a single RPC, whereas Transaction#insert requires two RPCs (one of which may be performed in advance), and so this method may be appropriate for latency sensitive and/or high throughput blind inserts.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.insert "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false },
                    { id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]

Parameters:

  • table (String) —

    The name of the table in the database to be modified.

  • rows (Array<Hash>) —

    One or more hash objects with the hash keys matching the table's columns, and the hash values matching the table's values.

    Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

    Spanner Ruby Notes
    BOOL true/false
    INT64 Integer
    FLOAT64 Float
    STRING String
    DATE Date
    TIMESTAMP Time, DateTime
    BYTES File, IO, StringIO, or similar
    ARRAY Array Nested arrays are not supported.

    See Data types.

Returns:

  • (Time) —

    The timestamp at which the operation committed.



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 470

def insert table, *rows
  @pool.with_session do |session|
    session.insert table, rows
  end
end

#instance ⇒ Instance

The Spanner instance connected to.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 89

def instance
  @project.instance instance_id
end

#instance_id ⇒ String

The unique identifier for the instance.

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 71

def instance_id
  @instance_id
end

#project ⇒ Project

The Spanner project connected to.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 83

def project
  @project
end

#project_id ⇒ String

The unique identifier for the project.

Returns:

  • (String) 


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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 65

def project_id
  @project.service.project
end

#range(beginning, ending, exclude_begin: false, exclude_end: false) ⇒ Google::Cloud::Spanner::Range

Creates a Spanner Range. This can be used in place of a Ruby Range when needing to exclude the beginning value.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

key_range = db.range 1, 100
results = db.read "users", [:id, :name], keys: key_range

results.rows.each do |row|
  puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
end

Parameters:

  • beginning (Object) —

    The object that defines the beginning of the range.

  • ending (Object) —

    The object that defines the end of the range.

  • exclude_begin (Boolean) —

    Determines if the range excludes its beginning value. Default is false.

  • exclude_end (Boolean) —

    Determines if the range excludes its ending value. Default is false.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 903

def range beginning, ending, exclude_begin: false, exclude_end: false
  Range.new beginning, ending,
            exclude_begin: exclude_begin,
            exclude_end: exclude_end
end

#read(table, columns, keys: nil, index: nil, limit: nil, single_use: nil) ⇒ Google::Cloud::Spanner::Results

Read rows from a database table, as a simple alternative to #execute.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

results = db.read "users", [:id, :name]

results.rows.each do |row|
  puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
end

Use the keys option to pass keys and/or key ranges to read.

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

results = db.read "users", [:id, :name], keys: 1..5

results.rows.each do |row|
  puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
end

Parameters:

  • table (String) —

    The name of the table in the database to be read.

  • columns (Array<String, Symbol>) —

    The columns of table to be returned for each row matching this request.

  • keys (Object, Array<Object>) —

    A single, or list of keys or key ranges to match returned data to. Values should have exactly as many elements as there are columns in the primary key.

  • index (String) —

    The name of an index to use instead of the table's primary key when interpreting id and sorting result rows. Optional.

  • limit (Integer) —

    If greater than zero, no more than this number of rows will be returned. The default is no limit.

  • single_use (Hash) —

    Perform the read with a single-use snapshot (read-only transaction). (See TransactionOptions.) The snapshot can be created by providing exactly one of the following options in the hash:

    • Strong
      • :strong (true, false) Read at a timestamp where all previously committed transactions are visible.

    • Exact

      • :timestamp/:read_timestamp (Time, DateTime) Executes all reads at the given timestamp. Unlike other modes, reads at a specific timestamp are repeatable; the same read at the same timestamp always returns the same data. If the timestamp is in the future, the read will block until the specified timestamp, modulo the read's deadline.

      Useful for large scale consistent reads such as mapreduces, or for coordinating many reads against a consistent snapshot of the data.

      • :staleness/:exact_staleness (Numeric) Executes all reads at a timestamp that is exactly the number of seconds provided old. The timestamp is chosen soon after the read is started.

      Guarantees that all writes that have committed more than the specified number of seconds ago are visible. Because Cloud Spanner chooses the exact timestamp, this mode works even if the client's local clock is substantially skewed from Cloud Spanner commit timestamps.

      Useful for reading at nearby replicas without the distributed timestamp negotiation overhead of single-use bounded_staleness.

    • Bounded

      • :bounded_timestamp/:min_read_timestamp (Time, DateTime) Executes all reads at a timestamp greater than the value provided.

      This is useful for requesting fresher data than some previous read, or data that is fresh enough to observe the effects of some previously committed transaction whose timestamp is known.

      • :bounded_staleness/:max_staleness (Numeric) Read data at a timestamp greater than or equal to the number of seconds provided. Guarantees that all writes that have committed more than the specified number of seconds ago are visible. Because Cloud Spanner chooses the exact timestamp, this mode works even if the client's local clock is substantially skewed from Cloud Spanner commit timestamps.

      Useful for reading the freshest data available at a nearby replica, while bounding the possible staleness if the local replica has fallen behind.

Returns:



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 349

def read table, columns, keys: nil, index: nil, limit: nil,
         single_use: nil
  validate_single_use_args! single_use
  ensure_service!

  single_use_tx = single_use_transaction single_use
  results = nil
  @pool.with_session do |session|
    results = session.read \
      table, columns, keys: keys, index: index, limit: limit,
                      transaction: single_use_tx
  end
  results
end

#replace(table, *rows) ⇒ Time

Inserts or replaces rows in a table. If any of the rows already exist, it is deleted, and the column values provided are inserted instead. Unlike #upsert, this means any values not explicitly written become NULL.

Changes are made immediately upon calling this method using a single-use transaction. To make multiple changes in the same single-use transaction use #commit. To make changes in a transaction that supports reads and automatic retry protection use #transaction.

Note: This method does not feature replay protection present in Transaction#replace (See #transaction). This method makes a single RPC, whereas Transaction#replace requires two RPCs (one of which may be performed in advance), and so this method may be appropriate for latency sensitive and/or high throughput blind replaces.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.replace "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false },
                     { id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]

Parameters:

  • table (String) —

    The name of the table in the database to be modified.

  • rows (Array<Hash>) —

    One or more hash objects with the hash keys matching the table's columns, and the hash values matching the table's values.

    Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

    Spanner Ruby Notes
    BOOL true/false
    INT64 Integer
    FLOAT64 Float
    STRING String
    DATE Date
    TIMESTAMP Time, DateTime
    BYTES File, IO, StringIO, or similar
    ARRAY Array Nested arrays are not supported.

    See Data types.

Returns:

  • (Time) —

    The timestamp at which the operation committed.



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 582

def replace table, *rows
  @pool.with_session do |session|
    session.replace table, rows
  end
end

#snapshot(strong: nil, timestamp: nil, read_timestamp: nil, staleness: nil, exact_staleness: nil) {|snapshot| ... } ⇒ Object

Creates a snapshot read-only transaction for reads that execute atomically at a single logical point in time across columns, rows, and tables in a database. For transactions that only read, snapshot read-only transactions provide simpler semantics and are almost always faster than read-write transactions.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.snapshot do |snp|
  results = snp.execute "SELECT * FROM users"

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

Parameters:

  • strong (true, false) —

    Read at a timestamp where all previously committed transactions are visible.

  • timestamp (Time, DateTime) —

    Executes all reads at the given timestamp. Unlike other modes, reads at a specific timestamp are repeatable; the same read at the same timestamp always returns the same data. If the timestamp is in the future, the read will block until the specified timestamp, modulo the read's deadline.

    Useful for large scale consistent reads such as mapreduces, or for coordinating many reads against a consistent snapshot of the data. (See TransactionOptions.)

  • read_timestamp (Time, DateTime) —

    Same as timestamp.

  • staleness (Numeric) —

    Executes all reads at a timestamp that is +staleness+ old. The timestamp is chosen soon after the read is started.

    Guarantees that all writes that have committed more than the specified number of seconds ago are visible. Because Cloud Spanner chooses the exact timestamp, this mode works even if the client's local clock is substantially skewed from Cloud Spanner commit timestamps.

    Useful for reading at nearby replicas without the distributed timestamp negotiation overhead of single-use +staleness+. (See TransactionOptions.)

  • exact_staleness (Numeric) —

    Same as staleness.

Yields:

  • (snapshot) —

    The block for reading and writing data.

Yield Parameters:



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 808

def snapshot strong: nil, timestamp: nil, read_timestamp: nil,
             staleness: nil, exact_staleness: nil
  validate_snapshot_args! strong: strong, timestamp: timestamp,
                          read_timestamp: read_timestamp,
                          staleness: staleness,
                          exact_staleness: exact_staleness
  ensure_service!
  @pool.with_session do |session|
    snp_grpc = @project.service.create_snapshot \
      session.path, strong: strong,
                    timestamp: (timestamp || read_timestamp),
                    staleness: (staleness || exact_staleness)
    snp = Snapshot.from_grpc(snp_grpc, session)
    yield snp if block_given?
  end
  nil
end

#transaction(deadline: 120) {|transaction| ... } ⇒ Time

Creates a transaction for reads and writes that execute atomically at a single logical point in time across columns, rows, and tables in a database.

The transaction will always commit unless an error is raised. If the error raised is Rollback the transaction method will return without passing on the error. All other errors will be passed on.

All changes are accumulated in memory until the block completes. Transactions will be automatically retried when possible, until deadline is reached. This operation makes separate API requests to begin and commit the transaction.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute "SELECT * FROM users"

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end

  c.update "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false }]
  c.insert "users", [{ id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]
end

Manually rollback the transaction using Rollback:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  c.update "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false }]
  c.insert "users", [{ id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]

  if something_wrong?
    # Rollback the transaction without passing on the error
    # outside of the transaction method.
    raise Google::Cloud::Spanner::Rollback
  end
end

Parameters:

  • deadline (Numeric) —

    The total amount of time in seconds the transaction has to succeed. The default is 120.

Yields:

  • (transaction) —

    The block for reading and writing data.

Yield Parameters:

Returns:

  • (Time) —

    The timestamp at which the transaction committed.



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 723

def transaction deadline: 120, &block
  ensure_service!

  deadline = validate_deadline deadline
  backoff = 1.0
  start_time = current_time

  @pool.with_transaction do |tx|
    begin
      block.call tx
      commit_resp = @project.service.commit \
        tx.session.path, tx.mutations, transaction_id: tx.transaction_id
      return Convert.timestamp_to_time commit_resp.commit_timestamp
    rescue Google::Cloud::AbortedError => err
      # Re-raise if deadline has passed
      raise err if current_time - start_time > deadline
      # Sleep the amount from RetryDelay, or incremental backoff
      sleep(delay_from_aborted(err) || backoff *= 1.3)
      # Create new transaction on the session and retry the block
      tx = tx.session.create_transaction
      retry
    rescue => err
      # Rollback transaction when handling unexpected error
      tx.session.rollback tx.transaction_id
      # Return nil if raised with rollback.
      return nil if err.is_a? Rollback
      # Re-raise error.
      raise err
    end
  end
end

#update(table, *rows) ⇒ Time

Updates existing rows in a table. If any of the rows does not already exist, the request fails with NotFoundError.

Changes are made immediately upon calling this method using a single-use transaction. To make multiple changes in the same single-use transaction use #commit. To make changes in a transaction that supports reads and automatic retry protection use #transaction.

Note: This method does not feature replay protection present in Transaction#update (See #transaction). This method makes a single RPC, whereas Transaction#update requires two RPCs (one of which may be performed in advance), and so this method may be appropriate for latency sensitive and/or high throughput blind updates.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.update "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false },
                    { id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]

Parameters:

  • table (String) —

    The name of the table in the database to be modified.

  • rows (Array<Hash>) —

    One or more hash objects with the hash keys matching the table's columns, and the hash values matching the table's values.

    Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

    Spanner Ruby Notes
    BOOL true/false
    INT64 Integer
    FLOAT64 Float
    STRING String
    DATE Date
    TIMESTAMP Time, DateTime
    BYTES File, IO, StringIO, or similar
    ARRAY Array Nested arrays are not supported.

    See Data types.

Returns:

  • (Time) —

    The timestamp at which the operation committed.



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 525

def update table, *rows
  @pool.with_session do |session|
    session.update table, rows
  end
end

#upsert(table, *rows) ⇒ Time Also known as: save

Inserts or updates rows in a table. If any of the rows already exist, then its column values are overwritten with the ones provided. Any column values not explicitly written are preserved.

Changes are made immediately upon calling this method using a single-use transaction. To make multiple changes in the same single-use transaction use #commit. To make changes in a transaction that supports reads and automatic retry protection use #transaction.

Note: This method does not feature replay protection present in Transaction#upsert (See #transaction). This method makes a single RPC, whereas Transaction#upsert requires two RPCs (one of which may be performed in advance), and so this method may be appropriate for latency sensitive and/or high throughput blind upserts.

Examples:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.upsert "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false },
                    { id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]

Parameters:

  • table (String) —

    The name of the table in the database to be modified.

  • rows (Array<Hash>) —

    One or more hash objects with the hash keys matching the table's columns, and the hash values matching the table's values.

    Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

    Spanner Ruby Notes
    BOOL true/false
    INT64 Integer
    FLOAT64 Float
    STRING String
    DATE Date
    TIMESTAMP Time, DateTime
    BYTES File, IO, StringIO, or similar
    ARRAY Array Nested arrays are not supported.

    See Data types.

Returns:

  • (Time) —

    The timestamp at which the operation committed.



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# File 'lib/google/cloud/spanner/client.rb', line 414

def upsert table, *rows
  @pool.with_session do |session|
    session.upsert table, rows
  end
end